What is the effect of history? Provide an example of a study and how it could be affected by an external event.
What will be an ideal response?
History effect--a source of causal invalidity that occurs when something other than the treatment influences outcome scores; external events--a source of causal invalidity that occurs when events external to the study influence posttest scores; example--Asking Americans about their fear of terrorist attacks on U.S. soil and then September 11th happens, which in turn increased this fear.
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As the cost of campaigns has risen and fund-raising has become more important, the staff position of __________ has also grown in prestige and significance
a. campaign manager b. press secretary c. communications director d. finance chair
Which describes something that Barack Obama did that caused his critics to charge that he has become too powerful?
a. He established the Department of Homeland Security. b. He proposed reforming Social Security and immigration policy. c. He used drones to kill terrorist suspects, some of whom were American citizens. d. He used his veto power more than any other president.
Which of the following is true with regard to the supremacy clause?
A. It refers to the clause in the Constitution that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations B. Contained in Article VI of the Constitution, the clause gives national laws the absolute power even when states have enacted a competing law. C. Contained in Article I of the Constitution, the clause sets forth the implied powers of Congress. D. It refers to the clause that states that Congress has the right to make all laws essential to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government. E. Contained in Article IV of the Constitution, the clause requires each state to recognize the civil judgments rendered by the courts of the other states and to accept their public records and acts as valid.
The most important role of the United Nations in development is that of ______.
a. an enforcer b. a discussion forum c. a policy maker d. a creditor