Which one of the following syllogisms is not valid?
a. No X are Y.
Some Z are X.
Therefore, some Z are not Y.
b. Some X are Z.
All X are Y.
Therefore, some Y are Z.
c. Some X are Y.
Some Z are X.
Therefore, some Z are Y.
d. Some X are not Z.
All X are Y.
Therefore, some Y are not Z.
c
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"Most doctors do not give enough painkiller to ease the suffering of cancer victims,"
is the conclusion of a study reported by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. The study is based on a 1989 survey of 70,000 cancer patients treated by 1,177 cancer specialists during a six-month period.
What will be an ideal response?Benjamin Franklin said that “Those who would give up essential Liberty, to purchase a
little temporary Safety, deserve” what?
a. Both. b. Neither c. Everything. d. Freedom
According to Popper, all observation is:
A. theory neutral. B. theory laden. C. unfalsifiable. D. underdetermined by theory. E. relative to a particular paradigm.
George has been having a streak of unusually bad luck. He totaled his car in a snowstorm last week, then fell on the ice and broke his leg. Two days later his wife left him, saying she was no longer willing to put up with his "little infidelities." Then just yesterday, he was fired from his job as a computer programmer because his program error rates were consistently too high and he missed too many deadlines. He began to regret ignoring his mother's advice to throw a pinch of salt over his left shoulder after he spilled that salt last month.
Identify the hypothesis in the following argument; and, if it fails to meet the four criteria for good scientific hypotheses, state which criterion is violated, and explain your answer.