Tempeh and sufu are food products made from soybeans. Which fungal group is responsible for the production of these two food products?
A. Ascomycetes
B. Zygomycetes
C. Glomerulomycetes
D. Microsporidia
E. Basidomycetes
Answer: B
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Canadian and Swiss researchers wanted to know if the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was important to the productivity of grasslands (M.G.A. van der Heijden, J. N. Klironomos, M. Ursic, P. Moutoglis, R. Streitwolf-Engel, T. Boler, A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 1998. Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69-72). Specifically, they wanted to know if it mattered which specific AMF species were present, or just that some type of AMF was present. They grew various plants in combination with one of four AMF species (A, B, C, & D), no AMF species (O), or all four AMF species together (A+B+C+D); and they measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed with each other with the only difference being which AMF species were present. On the graphs below, the x-axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species (bar 0 = no fungi; bars A-D = individual AMF species; bar A+B+C+D = all AMF species together). The y-axis indicates the amount (grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph. Graph (e) is the total biomass (grams) of all 11 plant species combined; graph (f) is the biomass of Bromus erectus plants only, separated from the total. What is the major difference between Bromus erectus (graph f) and the other plant species (graphs a-d) included in the study? A) Bromus erectus grows best with a diversity of fungal partners. B) Bromus erectus is unaffected by AMF diversity. C) Bromus erectus does not form mycorrhizal associations. D) Bromus erectus produces very little biomass regardless of AMF.
When many genes of an organisms are globally regulated, those genes are considered as regulon genes. What is the common theme of such genetic regulation?
A) Genes of regulons are silenced by a common repressor. B) Genes of regulons are able to transcribe mRNA independent of regulation. C) Genes of regulons are much more stable than non-regulon genes. D) Genes of regulons are much less stable than non-regulon genes. E) Individual genes of regulons are regulated independently of each other.
Chromatids separate during
(a) prophase. (b) telophase. (c) cytokinesis. (d) anaphase.
Cyclic AMP is an example of a(n):
A. second messenger. B. ligand. C. effector or target protein. D. G protein.