Describe how sibling interactions adapt to development duringadolescence
What will be an ideal response?
Like parent?child relationships, sibling interactions adapt to development at adolescence. As younger siblings become more self-sufficient, they accept less direction from their older brothers and sisters. Also, as teenagers become more involved in friendships and romantic relationships, they invest less time and energy in siblings, who are part of the family from which they are trying to establish autonomy. As a result, sibling relationships often become less intense, in both positive and negative feelings.
Nevertheless, attachment between siblings remains strong for most young people. Overall, siblings who established a positive bond in early childhood continue to display greater affection and caring, which contribute to more favorable adolescent adjustment, including increased academic engagement, empathy, and prosocial behavior. In contrast, sibling negativity—frequent conflictand aggression—is associated with internalizing symptoms (anxiety and depression) and externalizing difficulties (conduct problems, bullying, and drug use). Finally, cultureinfluences adolescent sibling ties. For example, the Hispanic cultural ideal of familism, which highly values close family bonds, fosters harmonious sibling relationships.
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Researchers in Japan and the United States found that playing violent video games early in the school year was related to
a. poor school achievement later in the school year. b. no relationship with aggression later in the school year. c. higher levels of aggression later in the school year. d. problems in forming friendships later in the school year.
Individuals from collectivist cultures are more likely to engage in social loafing
a. when a group norm of low effort has already been established. b. when tasks are difficult. c. in groups with a majority of female members. d. when task orientation is high.
Physiological measurement may also be used to assess
a. emotions. b. cognitions. c. overt behaviors. d. intentions.
Which of the following statements is true of classical conditioning?
A) It involves attaching consequences to behavior. B) It is involuntary, automatic learning. C) It is a complex form of learning that uses reinforcement. D) It focuses on what organisms do about their environments.