Which two men were responsible for fathering the principle of probation as a sentence for criminals in both the United States and England respectively?

a. John Augustus and Matthew Hill
b. Matthew Hill and Emile Durkheim
c. John Augustus and Emile Durkheim
d. Matthew Hill and Nicholas Timasheff


a. John Augustus and Matthew Hill

Criminal Justice

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In a criminal trial, a defendant is compelled to testify at his or her own trial.

Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)

Criminal Justice

Which of the following is NOT considered an amenity in prison?

A. Clean living conditions B. Remedial education C. Decent food D. Recreational opportunities

Criminal Justice

When a person’s life path changes from deviant behavior back to law-abiding status, the critical events that cause this change are called ______.

a. points of reversal b. conforming events c. positive events d. points of desistance

Criminal Justice

The power of a court to hear case in a particular subject or geographical area is its ______________

Fill in the blank(s) with correct word

Criminal Justice