Sometimes a person may feel guilty without knowing why. Psychoanalytic theory credits such guilt to the
a. preconscious workings of the ego.
b. conscious workings of the id.
c. unconscious workings of the superego.
d. postconscious workings of the ideal self.
C
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A meta-analysis of gender differences in emotional expressions found that girls and women, compared to boys and men, were more likely to express feelings of _______.
a. guilt b. shame c. both of the above d. neither of the above
Hobby skills are commonly taught by experts to novices via the approach Rogoff called
a. trial-and-error learning from one's mistakes. b. context-independent learning. c. self-discovery learning. d. guided participation.
Multiple studies on the influence of social support on stress suggest ____________________
a. those with larger support systems experience more stress b. those with larger support systems experience the same level of stress as individuals with smaller support systems. c. those with larger support systems experience less stress, live longer, and are less susceptible to depression d. those with larger support systems have poorer coping skills.
Ms. Applebie, a kindergarten teacher, knows that she need not praise everyone for good behavior. All she needs to do is praise one child and all the other children quickly follow suit. According to social learning approaches, children
a. learn by direct feedback. b. can learn by being reinforced indirectly. c. must be repeatedly told to do something. d. learn only by practicing a behavior over and over.