Ventricular dysfunction occurs in patients receiving positive-pressure ventilation for which of the following reasons?
1. Hypovolemia
2. Excessive tidal volume
3. Receiving more than optimal positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP)
4. Hypervolemia
a. 1 and 3 only
b. 1, 2, and 3 only
c. 3 and 4 only
d. 2, 3, and 4 only
ANS: B
It appears that right or left ventricular dysfunction occurs if the patient is hypovolemic, receiving an excessive tidal volume, or receiving more than optimum PEEP.
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