The phase of drug testing that includes determining toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and determining a drugs "therapeutic index" occurs;

a. Postmarketing surveillance
b. New drug application
c. Clinical research and development
d. Preclinical testing, research, and development


d

Rationale: a. Postmarketing surveillance occurs during phase four of testing. A new drugs therapeutic index must already be determined
b. An investigational new drug may be applied for once the therapeutic index has been determined prior to the phase 1 of human drug testing.
c. Clinical research and development begins after the therapeutic index has been determined.
d. Preclinical testing, research, and development occurs prior to human testing and is concerned with the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new drug in order to discover its therapeutic index.

Health Professions

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