Explain what is meant by the "California Rule" with respect to public employee retirement benefits.
What will be an ideal response?
State employees' earned retirement benefits have been shielded by court decisions that amount to a "California Rule": promised pensions must be honored as ironclad throughout an employee's career and cannot be reduced without equal compensation. Public workers in 12 other states are now similarly guarded. However, recent court rulings put the sanctity of these contracts in doubt.
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In the Old System, discussed by the text, a new federal proposal was debated based on
A. legitimacy. B. transparency. C. duplication. D. effectiveness. E. justiciability.
In United States v. O'Brien, the protestor who burned his draft card was not covered by the First Amendment because the action
a. incited others to act in a manner that would cause a public safety issue. b. was slanderous to the draft board. c. destroyed an official record, which represented a compelling governmental interest. d. destroyed an official record, which created a national security risk.
Administrative guidance refers to
a. the practice of the Japanese government to set long-term goals with regard to technological innovation. b. the practice of the Japanese government to regularly issue contradictory regulations leaving private firms unsure of how to react. c. the command economy structures of the Japanese government. d. informal guidance given to a private firm by a government agency that raises issues of transparency and collusion. e. the practice of the Japanese government of issuing flexible "administrative rules" rather than strict formal regulations, thus effectively giving private firms a free hand to do as they wish.
The strategy of escalating conflicts to nuclear threats to force the other side to back down is known as
A) bandwagoning. B) brinksmanship. C) counter-value. D) mutually assured destruction. E) preemption.