The nurse is preparing a preconception information class. Information about causes of fetal organ malformation in the first trimester will be presented. What prenatal influences on the intrauterine environment should be included in the instruction?
1. The use of saunas or hot tubs
2. The use of drugs
3. The quality of the sperm or ovum
4. Maternal nutrition
5. Age of the mother at conception
Rationale 1: The use of saunas or hot tubs is associated with maternal hyperthermia and neural tube defects.
Rationale 2: Many drugs can have teratogenic effects.
Rationale 3: The quality of the sperm or ovum can affect fertility but not organ formation.
Rationale 4: Maternal nutrition, if deficient, can cause damage to the fetus. Vitamins and folic acid taken prior to and during the pregnancy can have beneficial effects.
Rationale 5: A maternal age of 35 or older is associated with genetic defects that occur at conception, not with first-semester organ malformation.
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