The nurse is teaching the parents of a 2-year-old toddler methods of dealing with their child's 'negativism.' Based on Erickson's theory of development, what would be an appropriate intervention for this child?
A) Discourage solitary play; encourage playing with other children.
B) Encourage the child to pick out his own clothes.
C) Use 'time-outs' whenever the child says 'no' inappropriately.
D) Encourage the child to take turns when playing games.
Ans: B
Erikson defines the toddler period as a time of autonomy versus shame and doubt. It is a time of exerting independence. Allowing the child to choose his own clothes helps him to assert his independence. Negativism and always saying "no" is a normal part of healthy development and is occurring as a result of the toddler's attempt to assert his or her independence. It should not be punished with 'time-outs.' The toddler should be encouraged to play alone and with other children. Toddlers cannot take turns in games until age 3.
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