What are the three models for scoring discussed in your textbook? Define and give an example of each.
What will be an ideal response?
• The cumulative model of scoring is probably the most common method for determining an individual’s final test score. The cumulative model assumes that the more the test taker responds in a particular fashion (with either “correct” answers or ones that are consistent with a particular attribute), the more the test taker exhibits the attribute being measured.
• To score a test using the cumulative model, the test taker receives 1 point for each correct answer, and the total number of correct answers becomes the raw score on the test.
• The categorical model of scoring is used to place test takers in a particular group or class. For instance, the test taker must display a pattern of responses that indicates a clinical diagnosis of a certain psychological disorder or the attributes that make up a behavioral trait.
• The ipsative model of scoring differs from the cumulative and categorical models. In an ipsatively scored test, the test taker is usually presented with two to four statements in a forced choice format. In personality testing, in which this format is most likely to be used, the test taker is required to indicate which of the items is “most like me” and which of the items is “least like me.” The choices in each group are carefully chosen to be equal in desirability. Each test item will contain statements associated with more than one trait or construct.
• Because of the way in which scores on ipsative items are computed, one cannot simply add up all the points each test taker received, as in the cumulative scoring method. This is because the total score on an ipsative test will be exactly the same for everyone.
• As a result, comparisons among different people who take the test cannot be made. An ipsative test will only provide information regarding where test takers stand relative to themselves on the constructs that the test is designed to measure.
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