A patient asks a nurse to explain why morphine is used for significant pain. What is the most appropriate response the nurse might make?
1. Morphine is an opioid drug. It affects a pain modulation circuit that contains certain cell structures that bind with morphine and have a significant pain modulating and relief effect.
2. Morphine is a serotonin-stimulating drug. It affects a pain modulation circuit that contains certain cell structures that bind with morphine and have a significant pain modulating and relief effect.
3. Morphine is a norepinephrine-stimulating drug. It affects a pain modulation circuit that contains certain cell structures that bind with morphine and have a significant pain modulating and relief effect.
4. Morphine is a dopamine medication. It affects a pain modulation circuit that contains certain cell structures that bind with morphine and have a significant pain modulating and relief effect.
Answer: 1
Explanation: A pathway of particular interest in the discussion of pain is that of the opioid-mediated pain modulation circuit that has opioid peptide receptors with a significant pain modulating and relief effect. Morphine is an opioid analgesic. Serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine affect pain modulation and perception through a variety of neural pathways.
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