Imagine you are studying horns in male deer and you hypothesize that horns are costly honest signals that help to prevent male fights. What three testable predictions should you make to test your hypothesis?
What will be an ideal response?
ANS:
Males with large horns will be able to avoid fights because challengers concede the contested resource after assessing the horns; the horns do indeed mirror the fighting ability of the male; and producing the horns is costly.
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