Name and briefly explain Kohlberg's three levels of moral reasoning making sure to identify and describe each of the stages under each level
What will be an ideal response?
A good answer will include the following key points:
- Preconventional level – Moral reasoning is controlled almost solely by obedience to authority and by rewards and punishment.
+ Stage 1 — Obedience orientation — a person in this stage does what people in authority say to avoid being punished.
+ Stage 2 — Instrumental orientation — a person in this stage looks out for his or her own needs and acts morally in order to receive rewards.
- Conventional level — Moral decision-making is based on social norms — what is expected by others.
+ Stage 3 — Interpersonal norms — a person in this stage acts according to others' expectations to win the approval of others.
+ Stage 4 — Social systems morality — a person in this stage believes that laws exist to maintain order within society and to promote the good of all people.
- Postconventional level — Moral decisions are based on personal, moral principles.
+ Stage 5 — Social contract orientation — a person in this stage believes in a social contract — a common set of laws and expectations that benefit all people and that can be changed when they no longer promote the welfare of individuals.
+ Stage 6 — Universal ethical principles — a person in this stage believes in abstract principles like justice, compassion and equality and acts in accordance with those principles even when they conflict with society's expectations.
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