Explain two theories for why we sleep described in your textbook. Provide evidence which supports each theory and examples
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: A good answer will include both of the following key points.
? Restore and repair hypothesis—the idea that the body needs to restore energy levels and repair any wear and tear on the body from the day's activities. Research on sleep deprivation clearly shows that sleep is a physical and psychological necessity. A lack of sleep eventually leads to cognitive decline, emotional disturbances, and problems with the immune system. For some species, sleep deprivation can be more fatal than food deprivation.
? Preserve and protect hypothesis—suggests two more adaptive functions of sleep: preserving energy and protecting the individual organism from harm. To support this hypothesis, researchers cite that the animals most vulnerable to predators sleep in safe hideaways and during the time of day when they are most susceptible. For example, humans and other visually-oriented creatures sleep at night when it is dark. This is adaptive because it is potentially dangerous for us to be active in the dark.
? Brain plasticity and Function—Sleeping and dreaming have cognitive benefits. Memories are consolidated during sleeping and dreaming and adaptive changes in the synaptic spaces between neurons take place during sleep. Conversely, sleep deprivation disrupts functioning of the hippocampus, which is a critical brain region for memory.
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After months of work, Phil's conditioned fear of flying finally disappeared. However, his fear suddenly reappeared. His renewed fear probably represents:
a. conditioned inhibition b. second-order conditioning c. spontaneous recovery d. extinction
Follow-up research on brain-based education indicates that although lateralized, the brain functions as a whole.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
According to Maslow, a peak experience allows a person to experience a temporary moment of
a. ultimate fixation. b. the collective unconscious. c. self-actualization. d. organismic valuing.
Childhood injuries
A) are typically "accidental" and usually cannot be prevented. B) occur within a complex ecological system and can often be prevented. C) rank second only to cancer as a cause of childhood mortality in industrialized nations. D) are less common in the United States than in other industrialized nations.