Increased preload
a. always increases cardiac output. c. increases cardiac output in some cases.
b. never increases cardiac output. d. has no relation to cardiac output.
C
According to the Frank-Starling law of the heart, if preload increases stroke volume, then cardiac output may increase. If, however, preload causes excessive left ventricular stretch, it can actually decrease cardiac output and may result in congestive heart failure.
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