As the most junior member of a lab, you are tasked with generating cell lines that accumulate DNA damage to investigate how random mutations affect transformation of cells into cancer cells
You decide to mutate proteins in the p53 pathway. Which three proteins would you mutate? Explain your reasoning.
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: p53–Destroying the activity of p53 blocks the entire DNA damage response pathway. Cells lacking p53 are unable to respond to DNA damage by arresting the cell cycle or stimulating cell division.
ATM/ATR–DNA damage activates ATM/ATR to initiate the pathway in which stabilized p53 stimulates production of p21, which arrests the cell cycle by preventing G1 Cdk-cyclin phosphorylation of Rb.
p21–A nonfunctional p21 would be unable to arrest G1 Cdk-cyclin Rb phosphorylation and stop the cell cycle.
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A) only I B) only II C) only III D) only I and II E) I, II, and III
Which one of the following terms applies to the phylum Bryozoa?
A. radial symmetry B. lophophore C. Parazoa D. deuterostome E. radial cleavage
Answer the question using the accompanying figure. In the internal leaf structure, the item labeled "5" is ____
a. a vascular bundle b. spongy mesophyll c. epidermis d. a stoma e. palisade mesophyll
Select the following phylum that includes protostome animals that are segmented, bilaterally symmetric, and have a chitinous exoskeleton.
A. Platyhelminthes B. Brachiopoda C. Annelida D. Arthropoda E. Mollusca