A long-term diabetic patient reports that he has been diagnosed with early cardiovascular disease. How does diabetes predispose the patient to cardiovascular complications?
a. Hyperglycemic periods cause thickening of the basement membrane in vessels, which causes atherosclerosis.
b. Hypoglycemic periods increase cortisol release, which causes hypertension.
c. Insulin constricts the cardiovascular ves-sels, which causes congestive heart failure.
d. Diabetes decrease in the body's ability to digest fats by the pancreas, which leads to increased coronary artery blockage.
A
Periods of hyperglycemia cause thickening of the vessels, chiefly the basement membrane (thin layer of connective tissue under the epithelium). The vessels of the retina, renal glomeruli, peri-pheral nerves, muscles, and skin are affected. Larger vessels are also affected, predisposing the patient to atherosclerosis and vascular occlusion. Two out of three people with diabetes die pre-maturely from heart attack or stroke.
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