The nurse is caring for a client who states, "I feel fine other than I have been frequently getting up at night to go to the bathroom." Which clinical manifestation is this client experiencing?
1. Fluid overload
2. Increased glycosuria
3. Hormonal imbalance
4. Age-related changes
4. Age-related changes
Explanation: 1. Older adults have a decreased response to fluid overload by not increasing urine output.
2. Older adults excrete less glucose in the urine.
3. Hormonal imbalances affect the urethra in women causing a thinner sphincter muscle and the prostate in men causing a constriction of the urethra.
4. The kidneys of older adults excrete more fluid and electrolytes at night than in the daytime. More urine is formed at night, frequently interrupting sleep patterns.
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a. body language and facial expressions. b. literal words. c. pitch and volume of speech. d. vocal quality and tone.
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