The stage of concrete operations is said to be "concrete" because
a. the child attributes human qualities to concrete objects.
b. facts are taken to be set in stone, not to be given up easily.
c. an object must be present for the child to recognize its existence.
d. children can perform operations only on tangible objects and actual events.
D
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Which of the following is NOT one of the basic ethical guidelines for psychological researchers?
a. Use deception only when absolutely necessary. b. Maintain confidentiality. c. Do not unnecessarily invade privacy. d. Minimize the placebo effect.
You have a craving for ice cream. In the lunch room, you see a large bowl of pistachio ice cream. Excitedly, you run up to the bowl, only to find that it smells like tuna and is, in fact, a large bowl of tuna fish. You have just experienced
a. sensory adaptation. b. the Gestalt notion of similarity. c. the failure of a perceptual hypothesis. d. camouflage interfering with figure-ground organization.
A child is holding a toy clumsily, using only his fingers and palm. This is an example of:
a. pincer grasp. c. ulnar grasp. b. palmar reflex. d. reflexive grasping.
A stimulus presented to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as
a. positive punishment. b. negative punishment. c. negative reinforcement. d. negative expectation. e. positive reinforcement.