The primary causes of duodenal ulcers include: (select all that apply)
a. consumption of spicy foods.
b. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
c. H. pylori infection.
d. trauma.
e. side effects of antibiotics.
ANS: B, C
Infection with H. pylori and chronic use of NSAIDs are the major causes of duodenal ulcers. Consuming spicy foods, trauma, and antibiotics do not lead to duodenal ulcer disease.
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