Explain the factors that affect cardiac output. In your answer provide one example of a positive inotropic agent and one example of a positive chronotropic agent
For each of those examples, explain what specifically happens to the cells of the heart when they have their effect.
What will be an ideal response?
CO = SV ´ HR, so a positive inotropic agent increases calcium levels in the muscle cells. A positive chronotropic agent usually causes the SA node to reach threshold more quickly.
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Infantile hypothyroidism results from
A. lack of prolactin. B. hypothyroidism in an adult. C. hyperthyroidism in an adult. D. a deficiency of thyroid hormones at birth.
Which of the following labeled structures is the right sympathetic trunk ganglion?
a) E b) B c) L d) M e) N
Perforating canals
A) are arranged parallel to the long axis of the central canal. B) are always associated with osteons in cancellous bone. C) provide passageways for linking the blood vessels of the central canals with those of the periosteum and the marrow cavity. D) occur in growing juvenile bone, but are obliterated in adult bone. E) are arranged in concentric layers around a central canal.
As cells are pushed from deeper layers of the epidermis toward the surface they
A) become dermal cells. B) receive a better nutrient supply. C) start to die. D) continue to divide. E) All of the answers are correct.