The F plasmid

a. can exist as multiple copies integrated into the bacterial chromosome.
b. encodes enzymes that assemble protein products of genes on the bacterial chromosome into pili.
c. replicates independently from the bacterial chromosome when in episome form.
d. must be present for a cell to initiate conjugation.
e. is generally maintained as many copies in a single bacterial cell.


Ans: d

Biology & Microbiology

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