List the different types of adrenergic receptors, the responses they produce, and by what mechanisms
What will be an ideal response?
There are two types of alpha receptors and three types of beta receptors. The alpha-1 receptor produces excitation or stimulation of metabolism. It works by activation of an enzyme and/or by release of calcium ion from internal stores. The alpha-2 receptor is inhibitory on its target cell by reducing the level of cAMP. Beta-1 receptors are stimulating, causing an increase in cardiac muscle rate and force of contraction and/or lead to increased energy consumption. They activate cellular enzymes. Beta-2 receptors inhibit activity or produce relaxation in smooth muscle cells of the respiratory passageways and blood vessels of skeletal muscle. They operate through enzyme activation. Beta-3 receptors release fatty acids from adipose tissue.
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An increase in EDV ____________________ the stroke volume
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
When oxygen is low, pyruvate is converted to lactate, while
A. NADH is converted to NAD+. B. FADH is converted to NADH. C. citrate is converted to pyruvate. D. ATP is converted to AMP. E. FADH2 is reduced to FAD+.
Do the terms vertebral column and spinal cord mean the same thing? Explain.
What will be an ideal response?
The study of the functions of biological organisms and their parts is called:
a. cytology (study of cells) b. anatomy (study of body structures) c. physiology d. chemistry (study of matter)