Why do researchers use random assignment to place participants into one of two or more groups?
a. To eliminate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
b. To randomly distribute the presence of potentially influential differences between groups and increase the chance of drawing a causal inference.
c. To make sure that groups in a study are as different as possible at the beginning of the study.
d. To correlate the independent and dependent variables.
B
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Lindsay has obsessions about contamination and washes her hands hundreds of times per day. During therapy, Lindsay is asked to get her hands dirty on purpose and then leave them dirty for several hours. This is an example of:
A) the use of punishment to reduce the undesirable behaviour of hand washing. B) systematic desensitization. C) negative reinforcement. D) exposure therapy with response prevention.
The period in which a child first grasps the concept of object permanence is the
__________ period. a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. formal operational e. cognitive
According to Freud, children's ideas about gender arise from __________
a) hormonal influences on brain development. b) conflict about their feelings toward their parents. c) observation of parental gender role behaviors. d) experiences with other children and their play behaviors.
Toddlers with a disorganized–disorientated attachment most closely resembles which of the following?
a. When their mother returns they greet her happily by smiling and going to her. b. There is no response to their mother when she departs or when she returns. c. When their mother returns they show ambivalence by pushing her away when she attempts to comfort them. d. They seem dazed and detached when their mother leaves the room and remain fearful when she returns.