The nurse is assessing an older patient's respiratory status. What factors related to aging can predispose this patient to pneumonia?
Select all that apply.
1. slower respiratory rate
2. less effective cough
3. immobility
4. increased pain response
5. fixed income
Correct Answer: 2, 3
Skeletal muscle strength is lost in the thorax and diaphragm with aging. This contributes to a less effective cough and the ability to remove respiratory secretions. The secretions can pool in the lungs if the patient is not mobile, providing an environment for pneumonia to develop. Respiratory rate does not contribute to the risk of pneumonia. It is a myth that older adults have an increased pain response, and this would not directly contribute to the development of pneumonia. There is no direct correlation between being on a fixed income and developing pneumonia.
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