Eight characteristics of groupthink have been identified by Janis (1972). Which of the following is not a characteristic of groupthink?
a. collective rationalism
b. belief in the inherent morality of the team
c. self-censorship
d. illusion of vulnerability
D
Groupthink occurs when there is a "tendency to have the same opinion as the other members of the group as a way to avoid conflict, reduce interpersonal pressure, or maintain an illusion of unity and cohesion" (Wineclaw, 2012, p. 5). Janis (1972) noted eight specific characteristics that contribute to groupthink behavior. These characteristics are: 1) collective rationalism (tendency to overlook conflicting information), 2) stereotyping of others (biased, highly negative views of competing teams or those who are not members), 3) belief in the inherent morality of the team (a sense of righteousness about their role), 4) pressures to conform (severe pressure to conform to the norms and team decisions), 5) the use of mindguards (used by team members who withhold conflicting/disharmonious information that is in direct opposition to the team's views and thoughts), 6) self-censorship (pressure on members to remain silent about possible misgivings and minimize self-doubts about a decision), 7) illusion of unanimity, and 8) the illusion of invulnerability (belief that team members are impervious and invincible—not vulnerable).
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