Explain the process of RNA transcription using the terms upstream, Pribnow box, and consensus sequence
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: The RNA polymerase holoenzyme initiates transcription without the need for a primer. The sigma factor component of RNA polymerase easily dissociates from the holoenzyme to first recognize the promoter region by specifically binding to the Pribnow box and consensus sequence, which are both upstream of the transcriptional start site.
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How can selection cause two populations to become different with time?
What will be an ideal response?
Before leaving on a trip, you give your favorite houseplant a little extra water and a pinch of plant food. Your trip ends up lasting a few days longer than you originally planned, and when you return, you discover that your plant has wilted dramatically. What happened?
a. The extra water caused its cells to swell, bursting its plasma membranes. b. Overwatering your plant deprived it of the electrolytes that plants crave. c. Your plant dried out before you returned, and it suffered from plasmolysis. d. The plant food inverted the concentration gradient in the plant, dehydrating it.
Every winter, many individuals tragically die in their sleep due to faulty heaters that leak carbon monoxide (CO) during the night. How does CO poisoning lead to death?
A. CO binds more tightly to carbonic anhydrase than does carbon dioxide. B. CO binds to oxygen, and the CO-oxygen complex cannot bind to hemoglobin. C. CO coats the surfaces of the alveoli, preventing diffusion of oxygen into the blood. D. CO binds more tightly to hemoglobin than does oxygen. E. CO inhibits the chemosensitive neurons in the aortic and carotid bodies.
You would like to identify as many bacterial species as possible in the human mouth. Why is biochemical testing not the most efficient and accurate method of completing this task?
A. Since you do not know the growth characteristics and metabolic properties of the bacteria in the mouth, you cannot determine all varieties of media to use for isolation and culture. B. Bacteriological media is very expensive, particularly when you would have to use a variety of types to identify the different bacteria. C. Biochemical testing, using a variety of media, is inaccurate. It has been replaced by more advanced testing procedures. D. Bacteria in the mouth are difficult to grow because of the adverse conditions in the oral habitat.