A patient experiences a severe head injury hitting a tree while riding a motorcycle. Breathing be-comes deep and rapid but with normal pattern. What term should the nurse use for this condi-tion?
a. Gasping
b. Ataxic breathing
c. Apneusis
d. Central neurogenic hyperventilation
ANS: D
Central neurogenic hyperventilation is a sustained, deep, rapid, but regular, pattern (hyperpnea) of breathing. Gasping is a pattern of deep "all-or-none" breaths accompanied by a slow respira-tory rate. Ataxic breathing is completely irregular breathing that occurs with random shallow and deep breaths and irregular pauses. Apneusis is manifested by a prolonged inspiratory pause alter-nating with an end-expiratory pause.
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To reduce the risk of aspiration, patients who are receiving enteral tube feedings should be positioned
a. sitting upright. b. lying on their side. c. with the head of the bed elevated 30 to 45 degrees. d. with the head of the bed elevated 45 to 60 degrees.