Differential association theory is the brainchild of criminologist ______.
a. Edwin Sutherland
b. Gabriel Tarde
c. Ronald Akers
d. Walter Reckless
a. Edwin Sutherland
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Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. Evidence in a crime may be something that cannot physically be seen or touched. 2. Civilian staff in a police department are usually specialists in their assigned position. 3. An officer working in a smaller police department has a greater chance of handling a far greater variety of types of cases than an officer who works in a large city police department. 4. The paramilitary model discourages critical thinking among officers. 5. The paramilitary structure within police organizations attempts to proceed with change quickly.
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. Execution is the only form of incapacitation that guarantees the community will be safe from future offenses. 2. Specific deterrence is designed to prevent a particular convicted offender from recidivating. 3. If a defendant cannot pay a fine that is a condition of probation, the defendant’s probation may be automatically revoked. 4. The sentences given in response to three strikes laws are an example of definite sentences. 5. Indeterminate sentencing guidelines have significantly reduced sentencing disparity.
Identify the individual who helped to define the concept of intelligence and who had created many of the IQ tests in use today.
A. David Wechsler B. Glen Walters C. Michael Gottfredson D. Sigmund Freud
Problems of crackdowns noted in the chapter include which of the following?
a. they have been found to actually decrease deterrence b. they do not achieve the goals of community policing c. they are unfocused and encourage police misconduct d. they are expensive and do not result in more arrests