In the context of criminologist John Irwin's typology for summarizing imprisonment, which of the following statements is true about the big houses?
A. They arose during the 1940s and became the dominant type of prison in the 1950s.
B. They were smaller and more modern in appearance than correctional institutions.
C. They were characterized by a power vacuum that was filled with inmate gang violence and interracial hatred.
D. They were old penitentiaries and reformatories expanded in size to accommodate larger inmate populations.
Answer: D
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