Negative reinforcers
a. decrease the probability of a response occurring
b. decrease the probability of a response by presenting a pleasant stimulus
c. increase the probability of a response by presenting an aversive stimulus
d. Increase the probability of a response by removing an aversive stimulus
D
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Which of the following describes the relationship between anxiety and substance use?
a. Anxiety typically precedes substance use. b. Anxiety typically develops after substance use. c. Anxiety is very rare in those with substance use problems, so there is practically no relationship. d. It is complex; sometimes anxiety precedes substance use, sometimes it develops afterward.
A _______________ is a structured interview used to collect information about past behavior.
a. Clinical interview b. Behavioral interview c. Social-emotional functioning interview d. Personality interview
From the perspective of sociological theory, why is it problematic that the U.S. labeled individuals who used substances as “deviant”?
a. Individuals were unable to access treatment b. Individuals were unable to gain employment c. Individuals were viewed positively d. Individuals were stigmatized
The largest Arab American ethnic group is:
a) Egyptian b) Iraqi c) Lebanese d) None of the above