Summarize Julian Rotter's social learning theory and Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory of personality. How are they similar? How are they different?
What will be an ideal response?
* Rotter's social learning theory stresses the concept of expectancy.
* Expectancies are peoples' tendencies to view themselves as capable of influencing reinforcers or being subject to fate.
* Rotter coined the term "locus of control" to measure this tendency, and describes people as either having an internal or external locus of control.
* Locus of control has been found to relate to a number of behaviors.
* Bandura believed a combination of factors, including an individual's cognitions and the environment, interact to produce behavior and that these factors do not work independently of one another, the person and the environment influence one another (reciprocal determinism).
* Self-efficacy is the expectancy of one's ability to engage in effective behaviors; it can be influenced by past performance, watching others and noting the consequences, verbal persuasion, and physiological arousal.
* These theories are similar in that they both offer a behavioral perspective with a strong emphasis on cognition, specifically one's ability to influence their environment, to explain personality development.
* They are different in that the key concept in Bandura's theory (self-efficacy) cannot be generalized across situations, whereas Rotter's locus of control concept can be.
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a. The equilibrium principle b. The law of effect c. Temporal contiguity d. The all or none law
Which process indicates spatial summation? a. Present two or more weak stimuli at the same time
b. Start action potentials at both ends of one axon at the same time. c. Do not allow a flexor muscle to relax before stimulating it again. d. Present a rapid sequence of weak stimuli.
Children first become capable of considering another child's viewpoint during Selman's ____ stage
a. egocentric or undifferentiated perspective b. self-reflective role-taking c. mutual role-taking d. societal role-taking
Twenty-nine-year-old Ginny, though having a strong sense
of who she is, has not yet been able to find that significant other for whom she has been searching. She has decided that being on her own is a perfectly acceptable choice and is learning to enjoy it. What psychosocial stage of development best describes Ginny? a) industry vs. inferiority b) intimacy vs. isolation c) generativity vs. stagnation d) identity vs. role confusion