How did Adam Smith's theories of economics affect the manufacture of goods?
What will be an ideal response?
Answers will vary. Smith adopted the basic ideas of the Physiocrats, who argued that regulation of economic activity should be kept to a minimum, and should only be limited to those activities (such as infrastructure development and the military) that supported free and open commerce. His notion that production could grow with the division of labor had a lasting impact on the economy of the eighteenth century and beyond. In his notion of the division of labor, each stage in the production of a commodity should be done by specialists, which makes the work far more productive. Throughout the eighteenth century, a surge in consumer demand across all economic groups meant labor specialization could be applied to grow the economy at an unprecedented rate.
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Louis XIV restructured the administration of the French government by all of the following EXCEPT
A) personally dominating the actions of his ministers and secretaries. B) adding loyal followers from relatively new aristocratic families to the royal council. C) making the court a main arena where rival aristocratic factions jockeyed for power. D) using Versailles as a place where powerful subjects came to find favors and offices for themselves and their supporters. E) removing the central policy-making machinery of government from his own court and household.
How did the actions of the civil rights movement in the South differ from those in the North?
A. Southerners attempted change through the legal system; Northerners generally practiced sit-ins and civil disobedience. B. Northerners were more closely aligned with churches and religious groups that attempted to enact legal changes. C. Northerners attempted change through the legal system; Southerners generally practiced sit-ins and civil disobedience. D. Southerners mostly worked toward civil rights as individuals, without the organizing power of larger groups.
Early Islam offered all EXCEPT which of the following incentives to conversion?
a. Converts did not have to pay a special tax imposed on non-Muslims. b. Only Muslims were safe from having their land and property confiscated by Muslim rulers. c. A string of Muslim successes led people to believe that Islam was the true religion. d. Conversion opened the door to official positions in government.
What led to the downfall of the Umayyads?
A) The religious and secular affairs of the community were separated under the Umayyads. B) The community of believers lost faith in the caliph. C) Rebel mawali armies demanded equality with Arab Muslims. D) The Caliphate was too large to govern effectively. E) There was no surviving male to assume the role of caliph.