In 2005, Lawrence Summers, then president of Harvard University, suggested that women have less innate mathematical and scientific ability than men

What argument best challenges the assumption that gender is a major factor influencing science and math ability?

a. Societal factors, such as one's learning environment, income level, or encouragement by others, plays a much larger role in the ability to learn math or science than gender.
b. Studies have shown that women are superior in verbal abilities, such as reading comprehension and spelling, and men excel in spatial relationships and the manipulation of visual images.
c. Studies have shown that men are superior in verbal abilities, such as reading comprehension and spelling, and women excel in spatial relationships and the manipulation of visual images.
d. No studies have ever shown that men excel in understanding spatial relationships and the manipulation of visual images, qualities important for math and science.


ANS: A

Interdisciplinary Studies

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