Association is a necessary criterion for establishing a causal effect.

a. True
b. False


a. True

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Resentencing Panels are associated with the:

A) South Carolina ISP program. B) New York ISP program. C) New Jersey ISP program. D) Nevada ISP program.

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Crime policies in the United States appear to be more punitive than in other Western countries because the U.S. relies more on rational decision making

a. True b. False

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?Vice? laws in the late nineteenth century resulted in

A) a notable decrease in public disorder in American cities. B) significant payoffs to officers who protected illegal activities. C) a popular outcry against police enforcement of the laws. D) a population move out of the cities to less well-enforced areas.

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Bob is riding on the back of Ray's motorcycle. As they round a corner at high speed, Ray loses control of the motorcycle and crashes into an embankment. Both men are tossed onto the ground. A police officer stops to render aid

Bob is scratched up but otherwise unharmed. Ray's left arm is fractured. The officer notes that both men are intoxicated. Which of the following is a correct statement about this situation? A) Ray has committed intoxication assault as to himself. B) Ray has committed intoxication assault as to Bob. C) Bob has committed intoxication assault as to Ray. D) None of the above is a correct statement about this situation.

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