What is a spurious relationship and what implications does the possibility of a spurious relationship have for the strategy of research?
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: A spurious relationship is an apparent causal relationship between two variables that is actually due to the effects of a third variable on both of them. We can never be absolutely sure that a relationship between two variables is not spurious. Thus, we cannot, strictly speaking, ever prove beyond any possible doubt that one variable causes another. As a result, the strategy of scientific research is based on disproof rather than proof.
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Which of the following did not aid President Clinton's efforts to shift American foreign policy away from the Cold War and toward building international relationships?
a. The Wye River Memorandum b. The Oslo Accords c. The Good Friday Agreement d. The Paris Peace Accords
Which country has the second highest percentage of voting shares at the World Bank?
a. Japan b. Germany c. United States d. France
Which of the following would most likely use the jus sanguinis principle of citizenship?
a. Failed state b. State-first nation-state c. Nation-first nation-state d. Fragmented nation-state
Which of the following is true of Republicans?
A. They favor environmental protection over environmental regulation. B. They favor expanding immigration over reforming immigration. C. They favor gay rights over states' rights. D. They favor expanding health care options over contracting health care options. E. They favor gun ownership over gun control.