Of the following psychosocial factors, which has the least negative effect on the health of the mother or fetus?
1. Moderate coffee consumption
2. Moderate alcohol consumption
3. Cigarette smoke
4. Emotional distress
1
1. Correct. Three or more cups a day need to be consumed for a slight risk of a slight decrease in birth rate. Alcohol, cigarette smoke, and emotional distress have potentially much greater nega-tive effects on the health of the fetus (and the mother).
2, 3, 4. Incorrect. Three or more cups a day need to be consumed for a slight risk of a slight de-crease in birth rate. Alcohol, cigarette smoke, and emotional distress have potentially much greater negative effects on the health of the fetus (and the mother).
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