Which of the following involves the supervision of offenders in the community in lieu of incarceration?
a. parole
b. probation
c. diversion programs
d. incarceration
b. probation
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A suspect must be read his or her Miranda rights before a ____________ interrogation begins.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1.Merton's strain theory posits that gang behavior can be attributed to six focal concerns that are part of a lower-class value system. 2.An increase in gangs in contemporary cities has been attributable to the loss of manufacturing jobs within the United States. 3.Focal concerns theory is most concerned with the impact of stress and negative emotionality on behavior. 4.Lower-class youth, Cohen argues, desire approval and status, but because they cannot meet middle-class criteria, they become frustrated. 5.The first criminological theory to be developed in the United States was the Chicago school of human ecology.
These persons are posted outside a location to watch for police or other persons responding to the crime:
a. Spotters b. Wheelmen c. Lookout d. Frontmen
Cross-national surveys that compare academic achievement show that the United States is among the top nations in critical academic areas such as math and science
Indicate whether the statement is true or false