Mechanisms for defense against urinary pathogens in men include: (select all that apply)
a. the long length of the urethra.
b. the alkaline pH of urine.
c. the secretion of mucus that traps bacteria.
d. the antimicrobial secretions from the pros-tate.
e. the implantation of the ureters in the bladder.
ANS: A, D
Both the longer urethra and prostatic secretions decrease the risk of infection in men. The urine is not more alkaline, and they do not secrete mucus that traps bacteria. The ureters in men and women are implanted in similar positions and in their normal position; it is not a factor in the de-velopment of cystitis.
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