For a causal relationship to exist there must be evidence
a. of an empirical correlation between the variables.
b. that one variable precedes the other in time.
c. that a third variable did not cause the changes observed in the first two variables.
d. that one variable precedes the other in time and that the two variables are correlated.
e. that one variable precedes the other in time, that the two variables are correlated and that this relationship is not spurious.
E
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Indicate whether the statement is true or false
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