What conditions are necessary to establish a causal relationship?

What will be an ideal response?


There are three basic requisites to a causal relationship: statistical association, sequence of influence, and nonspuriousness. For one variable to be a cause of the other, the two variables must have a statistically significant relationship, or correlation, although the association does not need to be perfect. The causal factor must also occur first, before the effect, and a change in one variable must result in a change in another, regardless of other variables.

Health Professions

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Which of the following are involuntary muscles?

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