Explain how T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation are affected if a co-stimulator is unavailable
What will be an ideal response?
Full T cell activation requires the interaction of the T cell with other molecules on the cells called co-stimulators. Without activation, TH or TC cells would not increase in number, nor would they differentiate into effector cells, those that cause the immediate effects, or memory T cells, those cells that provide cell-mediated immunological memory.
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The corticospinal system is often referred to as the
A) red nucleus. B) reticular formation. C) spinothalamic tracts. D) pyramidal system. E) medullary centers.
Your book refers to the process of diffusion and mentions that both chemical and electrical gradients may influence this process. Explain why Na+ would be influenced by both chemical and electrical gradients, but glucose would not
What will be an ideal response
Which cells produce testosterone?
A. Seminiferous cells B. Interstitial cells C. Cumulus cells D. Sustentacular cells E. Spermatogonia
The cristae are the inner portions of the _____.
A) mitochondria B) ribosome C) inclusion bodies D) centrosome