Smooth muscles that act like skeletal muscles but are controlled by autonomic nerves and hormones are ________.
A) single-unit muscles
B) multiunit muscles
C) red muscles
D) white muscles
B) multiunit muscles
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A chemical precursor for cortisol is ________, which is made from ________. Cortisol is secreted by ________ when stimulated by ________ from the anterior pituitary.
A. estradiol; cholesterol; adrenal medulla; corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) B. progesterone; cholesterol; adrenal cortex; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) C. testosterone; cholesterol; adrenal medulla; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) D. androstenedione; progesterone; adrenal cortex; corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) E. progesterone; cholesterol; adrenal medulla; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Innate defenses are
A) fast and specific. B) slow and specific. C) slow and nonspecific. D) fast and nonspecific.
Until recently, acquired immunity was thought to only occur in jawed vertebrates. Which of the following observations suggest that this is NOT the case?
a. Phenoloxidase activity enables hemocytes to form an impermeable wall of melanin around an infecting pathogen. b. Invertebrate immune cells secrete an IL-1 like compound. c. Invertebrates produce lectins, which coat bacterial cells, priming them for phagocytosis. d. Copepods become resistant to tapeworms after an initial exposure. e. None of these.
Osteogenesis imperfecta can be caused by abnormally formed ________.
A. proteoglycans B. hydroxyapatite C. calcium D. osteoblasts E. collagen