List and describe the protective structures found in the CNS
What will be an ideal response?
1. The brain and spinal cord are protected by a bony skull and a bony vertebral column.
2. There are three layers of membranes (meninges) covering the structures in the CNS.
a. The outermost dura mater surrounds the brain. This double-layered membrane
is a leathery covering.
b. The middle membrane layer is the arachnoid mater, which has a cobweb appearance.
c. The pia mater is the innermost layer, which clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.
3. Cerebrospinal fluid forms a water cushion that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord. The CSF protects the CNS from blows and other trauma. Also, remember from a previous chapter that water has a high heat capacity that prevents changes in temperature.
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An adult with cretinism has incomplete manifestation of puberty (e.g., scant pubic hair), abnormal facial features, dwarfism, and mental retardation. Explain what causes these symptoms. How is cretin dwarfism different from pituitary dwarfism? How could cretinism be prevented?
What will be an ideal response?
Match the vessel with the appropriate description.A. Supplies blood to the frontal lobes of the brainB. A circle of arteries at the base of the brainC. Supplies large portions of the lateral cerebral cortexD. Supplies the posterior portion of the cerebrumE. Formed by the bifurcation of the abdominal aortaCerebral arterial circle
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
Which nerve is the most posterior nerve of the brachial plexus?
A) ulnar nerve B) radial nerve C) brachial nerve D) median nerve
Which of the following statements about the regulation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is FALSE?
Elevation of blood pressure increases the GFR. Renin is released when the GFR is low. Constriction of the afferent arteriole increases the GFR. Constriction of the efferent arterioles increases the GFR.