Explain the ideas emphasized by the behavioral viewpoint. List the three phases of development of the behavioral viewpoint and discuss at least one major contribution and its pioneer from each of the first two phases.
What will be an ideal response?
The behavioral viewpoint emphasized the importance of understanding human behavior and of motivating employees toward achievement. The three phases include the early behaviorism, the human relations movement, and behavioral science.
Students should describe at least one of the following: The three people who pioneered behavioral theory were Hugo Munsterberg, Mary Parker Follett, and Elton Mayo. Hugo Munsterberg was the first to apply psychology to industry and is called "the father of industrial psychology." Mary Parker Follet believed that organizations should become more democratic, with managers and employees working cooperatives. She anticipated some of today's concepts of "self-managed teams," "worker empowerment," and "interdepartmental teams." Elton Mayo conducted the Hawthorne studies, which demonstrated the Hawthorne effect, in which employees worked harder if they received added attention, if they thought that managers cared about their welfare or that supervisors paid special attention to them.
Students should describe at least one of the following: The two theorists who contributed most to the human relations movement, which proposed that better human relations could increase worker productivity, were Abraham Maslow and Douglas McGregor. Abraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs in his research to study motivation. Douglas McGregor developed Theory X versus Theory Y to explain managers' attitudes toward employees.
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