What was the status of affirmative action in college admissions after the Supreme Court decisions in Bakke v. University of California Board of Regents (1978) and Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)?
a. Affirmative action policies that consider race a plus factor (among other things) are permissible, as the advancement of diversity is a compelling government interest.
b. Affirmative action policies are assumed to be unconstitutional unless the university can demonstrate the need to promote racial tolerance.
c. Affirmative action policies must ensure that all racial and ethnic groups are represented in accordance with the population of the nation as a whole.
d. All forms of affirmative action are unconstitutional because they unfairly favor some people over others based on the color of their skin.—
a
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A generation ago, the "Tuesday-to-Thursday Club" referred to
A) representatives who lived close to Washington, D.C. B) congressional lobbyists. C) House caucus meetings. D) part-time congressional staff members. E) firms that conducted mid-week polling of constituents.
In the 2012 election cycle, the total number of contributions from various interest groups to Democratic and Republican party committees in the states exceeded ______
a. 1,000 b. 10,000 c. 100,000 d. 1,000,000
How is the influence of exit polls related to the U.S. presidential vote, in comparison to the House or state legislatures?
A) Immense evidence has been found that exit polls influence the U.S. presidential vote, as well as influencing other contests for the House, Senate, or state legislatures. B) No evidence has been found that exit polls influence the U.S. presidential vote, and they are though not to influence other contests for the House, Senate, or state legislatures either. C) No evidence has been found that exit polls influence the U.S. presidential vote, but they might influence other contests for the House, Senate, or state legislatures. D) Some evidence has been found that exit polls influence the U.S. presidential vote, but have been proven not to influence other contests for the House, Senate, or state legislatures.
In the recent past, government efforts to restrict free political expression have been justified mainly on the grounds of
a. religion. b. public decency. c. national security. d. economics. e. accuracy.