A pneumothorax can be caused by which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
a. Trauma
b. Rupture of a blister
c. Emphysema
d. Dyspnea
A, B, C
A variety of mechanisms can cause a pneumothorax. A traumatic pneumothorax develops as a result of penetrating chest trauma, such as a stabbing or a case of the chest striking the steering wheel in an automobile accident. A spontaneous or primary pneumothorax sometimes occurs from the rupture of a small bleb (blister) on the surface of the lung or from an invasive procedure, such as insertion of a subclavian IV line. Secondary pneumothorax occurs because of underlying disease, such as emphysema. A patient with a pneumothorax usually feels pain as atmospheric air irritates the parietal pleura. Dyspnea is a symptom of pneumothorax, not a cause.
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