Which of the following best describes the key difference between reinforcement and punishment?
a. Reinforcement is only ever used for desirable behaviors; punishment is only ever used for undesirable behaviors.
b. Reinforcement should be used sparingly; punishment should be used regularly.
c. Reinforcement is used to increase the frequency of a behavior; punishment is used to decrease the frequency of a behavior.
d. Reinforcement increases the frequency of desired behaviors using rewards; punishment increases the frequency of desired behaviors by using undesired consequences.
c. Reinforcement is used to increase the frequency of a behavior; punishment is used to decrease the frequency of a behavior.
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States and local school districts must use research-based instruction to teach reading and must assess students' abilities by measuring progress toward proficiency
a. True b. False
For children with social, behavioral, or emotional disorders, art activities ______.
a. are generally inappropriate because they may be upsetting b. provide a source of disruption that hinders learning c. can be an acceptable way of expressing emotions d. should focus on a good product rather than the process
Guidelines for effective whole class discussions include all the following except:
a. consider the goals of the discussion. b. be careful not to use humor since it can be distracting. c. study the issues. d. consider the experience and development of the students.
A new test of phonological awareness correlates .65 with an established test of phonological awareness. This is an example of _________ validity
a. construct b. concurrent c. predictive d. content